Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing - 1221 Words

Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing University of Phoenix Nursing 391 Ethical and Legal Issues in Nursing Marianne, the 79-year old woman who presented with a hemorrhagic stroke in a recent case study, brings up thought for ethical debate. Her outlook is poor, with or without surgery, and she has no advanced directive. Her husband and children cannot come to an agreement on whether life support should end or if all resuscitative measures should be attempted. The following paper will discuss how the American Nurse’s Association Code of Nursing Ethics would influence a final decision, how personal and societal values can influence ethical decision making, the fundamental legal aspects of each case study, and the legal†¦show more content†¦Personal upbringing including how, where and when a person is raised will impact their decision making process. In this case study, the three older children of the patient will more than likely have a different take on the current situation than the elderly father. The children may more quickly accept the reality that their mother wil l not recover or will have a poor quality of life if placed on permanent life support. The father will be faced with the fear of loss, and have old traditional values in place, such as, â€Å"do it all† mentality when caring for his wife. Societal and cultural backgrounds will also play a key factor in that decision making process. For example, an orthodox Jewish family will have different values and morals than a traditional American or Latin family. These traditions will all need to be taken into account by health care professionals. Cultural and financial stability will also have a direct impact on a family’s final decision. If the family has the financial means to support a loved one, they might choose to extend that person’s life by placing them on life support and around the clock care. In the case of Marianne, the family must reach an informed medicalShow MoreRelatedEthical and Legal Issues in Nursing956 Words   |  4 PagesETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF Nursing Many confusing factors make it a task to establish, monitor and sustain ethical and legal issues in nursing. Everyone has various personal views based on experiences of life, religion, education and political affiliations, all nurses should be aware about nursing laws and ethics and understand how nursing legal issues can affect them. 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The Battle Over Academic Paper Help Writing and How to Win It

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Automotive Industry and Porsche Production Line Free Essays

Shona L. Thomas- Porsche Case Study 1. ) General Environment Factors for Porsche: A. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Industry and Porsche Production Line or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Demographic segment for Porsche is Age and Income distribution. Porsche target age is group is consumers is male over the age of 40 in addition to an average income of 180k a year. That has a positive effect on this segment because they have defined their niche audience that best responds to their line of cars. B. ) Political and Legal segment directly affects the future production of Porsche vehicles with regulatory gas mileage requirements and EPA guidelines. If the 2020 CAFE plan is implemented in North America Porsche will not be able to sell cars in North America. Political issues and governmental decisions affect the development of the local economy as for example the increase of oil prices during the Iraq war and the drop of the dollar compared to other currencies, they can also have an influence on sales in the automotive industry. This is a negative effect as the VW sales group has laid a plan to exceed GM and Toyota in sells by 2018 but with pending EPA guidelines this may create a definite challenge. C. ) Technological segment for Porsche is leading in product innovation, factory applications and knowledge. Porsche production line has the ability to manufacture two cars seamlessly at the same time without losing any production time or driving cost up. Their technology is a positive and is evident because they offer consulting services to competitive and noncompetitive automobile companies. 2. ) Porsche brand is so strong and unique that the only two forces I can thoroughly support are Threat of new entrants and bargaining power of Buyers. A. Porsche has a threat of new entrants due to automobile manufacturers such as BMW, Nissan and GM. However Porsche has product differentiation and Capital Investments. Porsche is also known for prestige, variety of Porsche emblems and its full line up. Consequently BMW, Nissan and GM have all produced one or two comparable cars. B. ) Bargaining power of Buyers is relevant because due to recent economic recessions internationally the price point of Porsches automobiles they followed suit of other competing luxury brands and released more affordable automobiles such as the Cayenne. The production of the Cayenne set record sales for Porsche. Therefore this is a high force. 3. ) The two major competitors of Porsche are BWW and Audi. BMW as designed models such the Z4 and Audi has designed models such as the R8 to compete with Porsche’s Cayman and Boxter. Prices points on both models are within the same range as the aforementioned Porsche brands. These two models (BMW and Audi) both have competitive points in regards to engineering, exclusivity and service. The future actions of BMW and Audi that show evidence competitive activity is both automobile companies are creating a more modern design which is attracting more consumers, more drive power options for an economical price and puts luxury and comfort versus Porsche sports then luxury. 4. ) The most important Value Chain areas for Porsche are: A. ) Management Information Systems- Joint venture with MHO has led to awards such as Silver Partner service and SAP Channel Partner Gold. The performance and oriented approach allows Porsche to consistently implement new design, technologies and functionalities. Porsche at purchased ownership in MHP and later purchased a controlling share which lead to new business techniques and technologies. The MIS has created sustainable competitive advantage through superior operating performances and the ability to respond with flexibility and quickly to changes in technology. They are superior to each competitor as they do not patent their technological gains but allows others to copy. B. ) Supply Chain Management: Porsche SAP technology Leipzig has created a seamless distribution in logistics. Within the same plant, the two models, Panamera and Cayenne can be built simultaneously. Each model requires a high degree of integration and cooperation with other Porsche plants. As parts are delivered every hour, the flows of goods are real-time. No inventories, any waiting times, but the highest degree of precision and flexibility. Even if faced with a change on short notice, production will be able to stay in synch. Porsche is the leading manufacturer in the world and is superior to all other competitors for the aforementioned reasons. C. ) Marketing and Sales: In 2011 VW group inclusive of Porsche and other brands ranked number 3 in the world trailing Toyota and GM. However in Europe the VW group leads sales amongst competitors. Porsche relates their increase in marketing and sales to the CRM processes in SAP. All systems are originated in German but the data is also shared North America as well as Canada. North America and Canada represents the biggest market for the car manufacturer almost 40 percent of all luxury cars are sold there. The second reason is that the orientation of the pilot project toward a non-German market prevented a focus that can be considered too German influenced. 5. The most significant financial and nonfinancial factors for Porsche are: Return on investments. Three Porsche product lines – the 911, the Boxster, and the Cayenne has had high operating margins compared to nearly any other major automobile manufacturer. The two newer product lines, the Boxster and Cayenne, had both been launched with the capital and technology from its other lines of cars. The Porsche Boxster was manufactured by Valmet of Finland unde r a licensed manufacturing agreement allowed Porsche to use means of financial support. Valmet owns its own factory and tools, and builds the Boxster for Porsche. This reduces the capital Porsche needs to support its own business significantly. The Porsche Cayenne was co-manufactured with Volkswagen. The Cayenne was assembled on the same production line as the Volkswagen Touareg therefore reducing the required capital to support Porsche’s business. 6. ) The strength is that Porsche has a high brand presence and reputation across the globe. Porsche preferred consumers are wage earners in excess of 250k. Few car models are available but it has a wide range of variants. They have built a trust worthy brand that has international recognition in the domestic as well as racing industry. A weakness of Porsche is that it lacks presence in the middle income segment which is the fastest growing of all classes. The cars have very high maintenance and running cost in an extremely luxury car market. The opportunities that Porsche has it that they can capitalize on its exclusivity and increase sales. They also have a sector of the company that has first class technology that will give them a competitive edge on future generation and concept cars. In addition to increased manufacturing facilities and distribution as well as a servicing network. The threats that face Porsche are the Governmental policies in some countries especially North America. The looming recession this may decrease purchasing power and the intense competition from automobile leaders. The top three competitors are BMW, Audi and Mercedes Benz. 7. ) The major competitive advantages of Porsche using VRIN are The most valuable capital this company has is its loyal customers with their sense of Porsche responsibility. The most aluable support for this company is its work force, technology and its tradition of outstanding performance. (Parity producing because other companies can re-evaluate their customer relations and change the scope of employees to gain the loyalty and recognition that Porsche has. ) Porsche is rare because the cars have a virtually untarnished reputation and are considered among the finest performance vehicles in the world. (Temporary compet itive advantage because they BMW and Audi have models that compete with Porsche vehicles. ) Porsche technology is costly to imitate. Porsche has become a leader in automobile manufacturing and advanced technology that has led to winning Performance awards. Therefore allowing Porsche to consistently implement new design, technologies and functionalities. (Sustainable competitive advantage because Porsche provides consulting to automobile manufacturers and have not patent protected their technological advances; therefore companies rely on them for the most up to date technology) Porsche is nonsubstitutable because lineup is quite broad for a specialty automaker and now even includes a luxury super sport sedan, the Panamera. Throughout its history, Porsche has exhibited amazing resilience, weathering changes in consumer tastes and the economic climate. (Competitive Advantage is the brand name. ) 8. ) Porsche uses Corporate Strategy. The overall scope and direction is to diversify business operations, further advance technology and work together to achieve particular goals. As part of its corporate strategy for 2018, Porsche wants to double its vehicle sales and increase its presence in the individual markets. This growth strategy is to increase the workforce by 50 % from its present level of 14,000 worldwide. Porsche is creating wide-ranging electric mobility vehicles in Germany and has launched the roll-out of three electric-powered Boxter cars. Electro mobility is one of the central challenges of the coming years. The engineers at Porsche want to contribute something in their usual high-performance way to meet the challenge. 9. ) 7s Implementation factors that are the most important is: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategy: plan to gain a sustainable advantage over the competition (BMW and Audi) 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Structure: how people and tasks are rganized (Consulting and Automobile division) 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Systems: processes and procedures that are currently in place (Manufacturing plants) 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Style: leadership style (Brand imaging) 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff: employees and their general capabilities (ongoing training) 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Skills: competencies and skills of the employees (ongoing training) 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shared Values: culture, beliefs, values and traditions (Mission statement) 10. ) Two questions: Do you think Porsche will meet the CAFE requirements for 2018 or will they actually stop selling cars in North America? How will that affect the American Porsche consumer? Cadillac has now developed and launched a car that has a Ferrari engine how will that compare or will it compete with the Porsche Panamera? How will new entrants such as American based cars that is adding technology comparable to Porsche affect future market opportunity and ,undecided target consumers? How to cite Automotive Industry and Porsche Production Line, Essay examples

Looking Deeper into Schizophrenia Essay Example

Looking Deeper into Schizophrenia Essay Schizophrenia is a never-ending, relentless and immobilizing or rendering the brain inoperative (National.., 2007). Approximately one percent of individuals living in the United States are affected by Schizophrenia (National.., 2007). Individuals who are diagnosed to have schizophrenia are typically fearful, withdrawn, as well as, agitated (National.., 2007). Such behaviors may be brought about by the fact that individuals suffering schizophrenia experience the following: 1) hear voices but other people do not; 2) belief that other people are reading their minds; 3) certainty that other individuals are controlling their mind; or 4) extremely feel that somebody wanted to hurt them (National.., 2007). The aforementioned are also the some of the reasons why: 1) if you hear them out closely, nothing they say seem to make sense; 2) they can sit for hours without moving or talking; or 3) appear alright that other people will only notice that there is something wrong when they begin to arti culate their thoughts (National.., 2007). The aforesaid facts confirm that countless individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia go through excruciating experiences including troubles in keeping their jobs, as well as, and especially, taking care of themselves (National.., 2007). This then affects not only the patients themselves, but their families and the society as well (National.., 2007).Meanwhile, history has it that Schizophrenia first emerged in 2000 BC (Wikipedia,2007). In 1893, Schizophrenia has been acknowledged by Kraepelin as mental disorder (Wikipedia, 2007).   The aforementioned disorder got its name from Eugene Blueler who strongly believes that there is an inadequacy of interface between perception and mental processes, thus he coined two Greek words which meant â€Å"split† and â€Å"mind† or shattered mind (Wikipedia, 2007). Furthermore, even before the symptoms has officially been stated or declared, Eugene Blueler already has said that it’s sy mptoms are the following: 1) â€Å"flattened affect†; 2) autism; 3) impaired association of ideas; and 4) ambivalence (Wikipedia, 2007). Interestingly, several years ago, schizophrenia’s only known cause is that it is said to be because of genetics or because it has been passed on from the first generation of the family to the succeeding ones (Wikipedia, 2007). Another extremely attention-grabbing fact with regards to the history of schizophrenia is that countless people were diagnosed to suffer from it before and that they were all annihilated in the Nazi program technically referred to as the â€Å"Operation T-4† (Wikipedia, 2007).Moreover, the first focus of this paper is on the causes of schizophrenia whichincludes: 1) genetic; 2) environment; 3) perinatal brain development; 4) childhood and adolescent development; 5) adult brain structure; 6) neuropsychology and brain function; 7) psychosocial factors; and 8) autoimmune theory (Wikipedia, 2007). Immediately after that, the signs and symptoms including the: 1) positive symptoms; 2) negative symptoms; as well as 3) cognitive symptoms will be briefly discussed also (National.., 2007).  Ã‚   Finally, treatment for schizophrenia will also be looked into (Wikipedia, 2007). Topics for this category entail: 1) medication; 2) dietary supplements; 3) neurological procedures; and 4) psychological and social interventions (Wikipedia, 2007).It is quite clear that schizophrenia affects the patients themselves, their families, aswell as, the entire society, thus, it is exceedingly important to reintroduce the causes, symptoms, as well as, treatment for schizophrenia, which this paper intends to do so.Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentThere are several causes of schizophrenia and some of these are the following:1) Genetic – Experts claim that schizophrenia may be inherited (Wikipedia, 2007). This resulted from the research results wherein it can be deduced that there is a twenty eight percent c hance for a twin to develop schizophrenia if the other one already acquired it (Wikipedia, 2007).2) Environment – Researchers say that traumatic experiences, for instance, physical abuse during childhood causes schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007). Furthermore, negative treatments including, controlling attitude, aggression, lack of sympathy etc also triggers schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007). Moreover, stressful experiences including loss of a job, inadequacy of money, discrimination etc also leads to schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007).3) Perinatal brain development – It is said that if there are infections that emerged during the third trimester of pregnancy then it is possible that later schizophrenia will develop (Wikipedia, 2007). Prenatal negative experiences including psychological trauma may also trigger schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007).4) Childhood and adolescent development – Experts say that since schizophrenia typically develops during late adolescence and earl y adulthood, it may then be said that when the stage of childhood end, schizophrenia may already present itself (Wikipedia, 2007).5) Adult brain structure – It is said that there are certain size and structure of the regions of the brain that may cause the development of Schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007).6) Neuropsychology and brain function – Scientists say that functional disparities in mind activity influence the emergence of schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007).7) Psychosocial factors – Experts state that people who go through emotional stress, exceedingly confusing situations, depression, inferiority complex, difficulties in concentrating/listening etc are more bound to develop schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007).8) Autoimmune theory – It is also said that autoimmunity causes schizophrenia (Wikipedia, 2007). This is where the organism malfunctions and will not be able to identify itself causing it to go against its own cells and tissues (Wikipedia, 2007).Of cou rse, there are also a number of signs and symptoms that may be spotted to know if an individual suffers from schizophrenia and some of these are the following:1) Positive symptoms – If an individual is observed to be having delusions, hallucinations, then he may be suffering from schizophrenia (National.., 2007). In addition to that, if his or her thoughts are in extreme disorder and his or her physical movements are in disarray as well, then he or she may be diagnosed as having schizophrenia (National.., 2007).2) Negative symptoms – If a person who is not by nature lazy or is not suffering from depression and yet finds it difficult to articulate his or her emotions, find and pinpoint what will make him or her happy, and cannot make plans on his or her own   then he or she may be schizophrenic (National.., 2007).3) Cognitive symptoms – If an individual have a difficulty trying to focus, encounter memoryEven though the aforementioned causes and symptoms are sca ry, it is extremelyfortunate that there are ways to manage/treat the aforementioned disease. Some of these are the following:1) Medications, which are usually antipsychotic, including dopamine system stabilizers or agonists (Wikipedia, 2007).2) Dietary supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, alpha lipoic acid, d-sarcosine, glycine, folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, as well as, vitamin E (Wikipedia, 2007).3) Neurological procedures like electroshock and psychosurgery (Wikipedia, 2007).4) Psychological and social interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive remediation therapy, music therapy, psychological education for the whole family and psychotherapy (Wikipedia, 2007).ConclusionThis paper intends to reintroduce the causes, symptoms, as well as, treatment forSchizophrenia. It has been carried out because of the fact that it affects the patients themselves, their families, and the whole of society.Furthermore, this paper is very important because it plays a large role in the reintroduction of the topics on the basic information about schizophrenia. It will not only remind individuals but will also help them familiarize themselves with the following:   First of all, schizophrenia is brought about by the following: 1) genetic; 2) environment; 3) perinatal brain development; 4) childhood and adolescent development; 5) adult brain structure; 6) neuropsychology and brain function; 7) psychosocial factors; and 8) autoimmune theory (Wikipedia, 2007). Secondly, the symptoms are known as: 1) positive; 2) negative; as well as 3) cognitive (National.., 2007). Finally, that it may be treated/managed through: 1) medication; 2) dietary supplements; 3) neurological procedures; and 4) psychological and social interventions (Wikipedia, 2007).On a final note, it is also good to mentioned that there are also several researches conducted that may be extremely helpful in the future. Some of these are the following:A) Acupuncture for schizophreniaDescription of Study: This particular study entitled, â€Å"Acupuncture for Schizophrenia†, looks into a treatment wherein extremely thin needles are placed just underneath the surface of the skin throughout the body. It seeks to provide evidence to clinicians, as well as, patients with regards to the benefits of acupuncture in schizophrenia (Rathbone et. al., 2006).Methodology: independent extraction of data/randomized controlled trialTreatment Protocol: acupuncture/electro-acupuncture/laser-acupuncture/no treatment/antipsychotic drugsFindings/Results:The researchers conclude that acupuncture can not be proposed and suggested for people suffering from schizophrenia because of inadequate substantiation (Rathbone et. al., 2006).B) Amisulpride for SchizophreniaDescription of Study:This experiment scrutinizes the selective dopamine antagonist, Amisulpride (Mota Neto et. al., 2002). It aims to assess its effects (Mota Neto et. al., 2002). It also intends to compare it with placebo, typical, as well as, at ypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (Mota Neto et. al., 2002).Methodology: randomized controlled trialTreatment Protocol: amisulprideFindings/Results:Researchers conclude that Amisulpride brings about improvement in the general negative symptoms of people suffering from Schizophrenia (Mota Neto et. al., 2002). Researchers also claim that as compared with high-potency typical antipsychotics, amisulpride may offer better outcomes (Mota Neto et. al., 2002).ReferencesNational Institute of Mental Health. (2007). Schizophrenia. Retrieved April 13, 2007 fromhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/schizoph.cfm#definitionMota Neto, J.I.S., Lima, M.S. Suarea, B.G.O. (2005). Amisulpride for Schizophrenia.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, volume # 2, n.p.Rathbone, J. Xia, J. (2005). Acupuncture for Schizophrenia. The Cochrane Databaseof Systematic Reviews, volume # 1, n.p.Wikipedia. (2007). Schizophrenia. Retrieved April 13, 2007 fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia#Cau ses

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points were a set of diplomatic principles developed by the administration of President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. These were intended as a statement of American war aims as well as to provide a path to peace. Highly progressive, the Fourteen Points were generally well received when announced in January 1918 but some doubt existed as to whether they could be implemented in a practical sense. That November, Germany approached the Allies for a peace based on Wilsons ideas and an armistice was granted. In the Paris Peace Conference that followed, many of the points were set aside as the need for reparations, imperial competition, and a desire for revenge on Germany took precedence. Background In April 1917, the United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies. Previously angered by the sinking of Lusitania, President Woodrow Wilson led the nation to war after learning of the Zimmermann Telegram and Germanys resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Though possessing a massive pool of manpower and resources, the United States required time to mobilize its forces for war. As a result, Britain and France continued to bear the brunt of the fighting in 1917 as their forces took part in the failed Nivelle Offensive as well as the bloody battles at Arras and Passchendaele. With American forces preparing for combat, Wilson formed a study group in September 1917 to develop the nations formal war aims. The Inquiry Known as the Inquiry, this group was headed by Colonel Edward M. House, a close advisor to Wilson, and guided by philosopher Sidney Mezes. Possessing a wide variety of expertise, the group also sought to research topics that could be key issues at a postwar peace conference. Guided by the tenets of progressivism which had steered American domestic policy during the previous decade, the group worked to apply these principles to the international stage. The result was a core list of points which stressed self-determination of peoples, free trade, and open diplomacy. Reviewing the Inquirys work, Wilson believed that it could serve as the basis for a peace agreement. President Woodrow Wilson addresses Congress on January 8, 1918. Public Domain Wilson's Speech Going before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918, Wilson outlined American intentions and presented the Inquirys work as the Fourteen Points. Largely drafted by Mezes, Walter Lippmann, Isaiah Bowman, and David Hunter Miller, the points stressed the elimination of secret treaties, the freedom of the seas, limitations on armaments, and the resolution of imperial claims with the goal of self-determination for colonial subjects. Additional points called for the German withdrawal from occupied parts of France, Belgium, and Russia as well as encouragement for the latter, then under Bolshevik rule, to remain in the war. Wilson believed that international acceptance of the points would lead to a just and lasting peace. The Fourteen Points as set forth by Wilson were: The Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Reaction Though Wilsons Fourteen Points were well received by the public at home and abroad, foreign leaders were skeptical as to whether they could be effectively applied to the real world. Leery of Wilsons idealism, leaders such as David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando were hesitant to accept the points as formal war aims. In an effort to gain support from the Allied leaders, Wilson tasked House with lobbying their behalf. Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Library of Congress On October 16, Wilson met with British intelligence chief, Sir William Wiseman, in an effort to secure Londons approval. While Lloyd Georges government was largely supportive, it refused to honor the point regarding freedom of the seas and also desired to see a point added regarding war reparations. Continuing to work through diplomatic channels, the Wilson Administration secured support for the Fourteen Points from France and Italy on November 1. This internal diplomatic campaign among the Allies paralleled a discourse that Wilson was having with German officials which began on October 5. With the military situation deteriorating, the Germans finally approached the Allies regarding an armistice based on the terms of the Fourteen Points. This was concluded on November 11 at Compià ¨gne and brought an end to the fighting. Paris Peace Conference As the Paris Peace Conference began in January 1919, Wilson quickly found that actual support for the Fourteen Points was lacking on the part of his allies. This was largely due to the need for reparations, imperial competition, and a desire to inflict a harsh peace on Germany. As the talks progressed, Wilson was increasingly unable to garner acceptance of his Fourteen Points. Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. Library of Congress In an effort to appease the American leader, Lloyd George and Clemenceau consented to the formation of the League of Nations. With several of the participants goals conflicting, the talks moved slowly and ultimately produced a treaty which failed to please any of the nations involved. The final terms of the treaty, which included little of Wilsons Fourteen Points on which German had agreed to the armistice, were harsh and ultimately played a key role in setting the stage for World War II.

Harpers Ferry Raid - The Harpers Ferry Raid John Brown

Harpers Ferry Raid - The Harpers Ferry Raid John Brown Conflict Dates: John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry lasted from October 16-18, 1859, and contributed to the sectional tensions that led to the Civil War (1861-1865). Forces Commanders United States Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee88 US Marines, various local Maryland Virginia militia Browns Raiders John Brown21 men Harpers Ferry Raid Background: A noted radical abolitionist, John Brown came to national prominence during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of the mid-1850s. An effective partisan leader, he conducted a variety of operations against pro-slavery forces before returning east in late 1856 to raise additional funds. Backed by prominent abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Theodore Parker and George Luther Stearns, Samuel Gridley Howe, and Gerrit Smith, Brown was able to purchase weapons for his activities. This Secret Six supported Browns abolitionist views, but were not always aware of his intentions. Rather than continue small-scale activities in Kansas, Brown began planning for a large operation in Virginia designed to start a massive slave insurrection. Brown intended to capture the US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry and distribute the facilitys weapons to rebellious slaves. Believing that as many as 500 would join him on the first night, Brown planned to move south freeing slaves and destroying slavery as an institution. Though prepared to commence his raid in 1858, he was betrayed by one of his men and members of the Secret Six, fearing their identities would be revealed, forced Brown to postpone. The Raid Moves Forward: This hiatus resulted in Brown losing many of the men he had recruited for the mission as some got cold feet and others simply moved on to other activities. Finally moving forward in 1859, Brown arrived in Harpers Ferry on June 3 under the alias of Isaac Smith. Renting the Kennedy Farm approximately four miles north of the town, Brown set about training his raiding party. Arriving over the next several weeks, his recruits totaled only 21 men (16 white, 5 black). Though disappointed in the small size of his party, Brown commenced training for the operation. In August, Brown traveled north to Chambersburg, PA where he met with Frederick Douglass. Discussing the plan, Douglass advised against capturing the arsenal as any attack against the federal government was sure to have dire consequences. Ignoring Douglass advice, Brown returned to the Kennedy Farm and continued work. Armed with weapons received from supporters in the North, the raiders set out for Harpers Ferry on the night of October 16. While three men, including Browns son Owen, were left at the farm, another team, led by John Cook was dispatched to capture Colonel Lewis Washington. The great grandnephew of George Washington, Col. Washington was at his nearby Beall-Air estate. Cooks party succeeded in capturing the colonel as well as took a sword presented to George Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given to him by the Marquis de Lafayette. Returning via the Allstadt House, where he took additional captives, Cook and his men rejoined Brown at Harpers Ferry. Key to Browns success were capturing the weapons and escaping before word of the attack reached Washington and receiving the support of the local slave population. Moving into the town with his main force, Brown sought to fulfill the first of these goals. Cutting the telegraph wires, his men also detained a Baltimore Ohio train. In the process, African-American baggage handler Hayward Shepherd was shot and killed. Following this ironic twist, Brown inexplicably allowed the train to proceed. Reaching Baltimore the next day, those on board informed the authorities about the attack. Moving on, Browns men succeeded in capturing the armory and arsenal, but no rebelling slaves were forthcoming. Rather, they were discovered by armory workers on the morning of October 17. The Mission Fails: As the local militia gathered, the townspeople opened fire on Browns men. Exchanging fire, three locals, including Mayor Fontaine Beckham, were killed. During the day, a company of militia seized the bridge over the Potomac cutting off Browns escape route. With the situation deteriorating, Brown and his men selected nine hostages and abandoned the armory in favor of a smaller engine house nearby. Fortifying the structure, it became known as John Browns Fort. Trapped, Brown sent out his son Watson and Aaron D. Stevens under a flag of truce to negotiate. Emerging, Watson was shot and killed while Stevens was hit and captured. In a fit of panic, raider William H. Leeman attempted to escape by swimming across the Potomac. He was shot and killed in the water and the increasingly drunken townspeople used his body for target practice for the rest of the day. Around 3:30 PM, President James Buchanan dispatched a detachment of US Marines under leadership of US Army Lieutenent Colonel Robert E. Lee to deal with the situation. Arriving, Lee closed the saloons and took overall command. The next morning, Lee offered the role of attacking Browns fort to the local militias. Both demurred and Lee assigned the mission to Lieutenant Israel Greene and the Marines. Around 6:30 AM, Lieutenant J.E.B. Stuart, serving as Lees volunteer aide-de-camp, was sent forward to negotiate Browns surrender. Approaching the door of the engine house, Stuart informed Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered. This offer was refused and Stuart signaled Greene with a wave of his hat to start the assault Moving forward, the Marines went at the engine house doors with sledge hammers and finally broke through with the use of a make-shift battering ram. Attacking through the breach, Greene was the first to enter the engine house and subdued Brown with a blow to the neck from his saber. The other Marines made quick work of the remainder of Browns party and the fighting ended within three minutes. Aftermath: In the attack on the engine house, one Marine, Luke Quinn, was killed. Of Browns raiding party, ten were killed during the raid while five, including Brown, were captured. Of the remaining seven, five escaped, including Owen Brown, while two were captured in Pennsylvania and returned to Harpers Ferry. On October 27, John Brown was brought to court in Charles Town and charged with treason, murder, and conspiring with slaves to rebel. After a week-long trial, he was convicted on all counts and sentenced to death on December 2. Turning down offers of escape, Brown stated he wished to die a martyr. On December 2, 1859, with Major Thomas J. Jackson and cadets from the Virginia Military Institute serving as a security detail, Brown was hung at 11:15 AM. Browns attack served to further heighten the sectional tensions that had plagued the country for decades and which would culminate in the Civil War less than two years later. Selected Sources West Virginia Division of Culture History: John Brown the Harpers Ferry RaidPBS: Raid on Harpers FerryNational Park Service: Harpers Ferry National Historic Park

The Ethics of living Jim Crow and Euripides Essay

The Ethics of living Jim Crow and Euripides - Essay Example They fought with weapons such as cedar poles while hiding behind trees. That war was taken a notch higher when the white boys started using broken bottles in their warfare, which resulted in Wright getting an injury on the head (Wright 289). As Wright becomes elderly, he is forced to look for a job and the only place he can get one is from white people. His whole experience of working for white people is not smooth since he comes across hostile white people. In some jobs, he is forced to leave since he is tortured and in others he adapts by applying tactics from past experiences (Wright 292). The point of this autobiography is the exemplification of the various survival skills Wright employed as a Negron in a Whiteman environment. Wright learnt how to get what he wanted from a hostile environment and people by applying tactics and strategies which he had learnt the hard way (Wright 298). Medea is a play by Euripides, and its context is based in Corinth. Medea got married to Jason after betraying his father, and they ended up getting two children. The initial stages of the play depict that Jason has changed his mind and wants to marry Creon’s daughter named Glause. At the same time, Jason has intentions of exiling his wife and two children from Corinth. Medea is to be thrown put of Corinth reason being that she is a sorcerer. Creon and Jason see Medea as someone who is clever and capable of fighting against oppression. They decide to exile her from the country, reason being, she is a sorcerer which means she is cleverer that men (Luschnig 10). The play is about Medea, a clever woman who is hated by most people around her. The play’s sole theme is on the issue of women oppression. In particular, Medea goes through injustice when Jason and Creon conspire to banish her out of the country. In the play, women are subjected to subjugation by their male counterparts. The play further shows that women are limited in terms of socializing